<h3>The &#8220;hard-to-attack castle&#8221; structure was a &#8220;blunder&#8221;&#8230;</h3>
 Kumamoto Castle was severely damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The city of Kumamoto announced in November that it expects the castle to be fully restored in 2052 (30 years from now), 15 years behind schedule. Was the outlook too optimistic?
 You may think so. But in the past, there was no damage such as this large-scale stone wall collapse, and we had no information to refer to. 
 So, we assumed 20 years, referring to castles damaged in East Japan, although the scale was different, but the damage was greater than we had expected. 
 So in 2022, five years later, we reviewed the plan and decided that full restoration would be in 2052, 35 years after the earthquake.
 Yasuhiro Iwasa, deputy director of the Kumamoto Castle General Office, said.
<figure id="attachment_286636" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-286636" style="width: 2736px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="#" data-ident_hash="1b44ab10"><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/fridaydigital/image/private/t_article_image/wpmedia/2022/12/426772e21f9e16893968b40af85b1a93.jpg" alt=""></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-286636" class="wp-caption-text"> Kumamoto Castle is characterized by its various defense functions. Although the castle tower was fully restored in March 2009, the restoration of the entire castle is far from complete.</figcaption></figure>
 There are various reasons why the restoration work has not progressed as expected, he says. One of them is that the damage to the stone walls varies widely. Some have collapsed, while others have been pushed out from inside the stone walls and have bulged out. Some stonewalls have turrets on them, others do not. The restoration method depends on the stonewalls.
 The stone walls built by Kiyomasa Kato and those built by his son, Tadahiro, have undergone technical innovations such as steepening the angle of the slope. The way the stones are piled up also differs depending on the period. 
 Kumamoto Castle is designated as a national special historic site, so in order to protect its value as a cultural asset, we must reproduce the shape of the castle at the time it was piled using the techniques of the time. We do this carefully one by one,&#8221; said Iwasa.
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 The collapsed stone walls are numbered one by one and put together like a jigsaw puzzle. I thought that once all the stones were numbered, all that was left to do was to pile them up.
 But that&#8217;s not the case at all,&#8221; said Iwasa.
 But he was met with a laugh.
 Even if the stacking locations are correct, the stones all have different shapes, and in order for them to support each other, we have to determine which of the irregularly shaped stones were the points of contact before stacking them. Sometimes we can pile more than 10 stones, but sometimes we can only pile 3 or 4 stones in a day,&#8221; said Iwasa.
 Three or four a day!　This may take 35 years, but it is not unreasonable.
<figure id="attachment_286637" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-286637" style="width: 1280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="#" data-ident_hash="836aa8d2"><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/fridaydigital/image/private/t_article_image/wpmedia/2022/12/2_C1222008.jpg" alt=""></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-286637" class="wp-caption-text"> Stones are stacked while checking the contact points so that they support each other well. The broken stones are then cut into the same shape by masons using stones of the same material. The training of stonemasons is also a major issue in the restoration project.</figcaption></figure>
<h3> Issues are being revealed one after another, and even after five years, the restoration method for some stonewalls has not been decided.</h3>
 Another issue that is worrying the local people is how to ensure safety.
 If you pile up a collapsed stone wall as it is, it may collapse again. It is a bit of a contradiction in terms to maintain safety while not damaging the value of the cultural asset, so it is also a challenge. 
 Tatsuo Amida, director of the Kumamoto Castle Research Center, said, &#8220;It&#8217;s a tough job. Mr. Hiroki Tateishi, Technical Counselor of the Kumamoto Castle General Office&#8217;s Civil Engineering Group, also commented, &#8220;From a civil engineering point of view, the current technology is not robust enough.
 From a civil engineering standpoint, we can make the castle more robust using current technology, but when cultural assets are added to the mix, we have to think of new ideas that go beyond what we know so far. I am learning every day.
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 For example, there is a method of covering stone walls with nets to stabilize them.
 For example, there is a method of covering stone walls with netting to stabilize them. &#8220;From the viewpoint of preserving their value as cultural assets, we can&#8217;t reinforce them excessively. The basic principle is to use minimal reinforcement only where it is truly necessary,&#8221; says Iwasa.
 In some cases, however, the structural calculations were not limited to desk calculations, but a one-eighth scale model was made of the most important areas and subjected to earthquake vibrations.
<figure id="attachment_286639" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-286639" style="width: 748px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="#" data-ident_hash="0105d875"><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/fridaydigital/image/private/t_article_image/wpmedia/2022/12/db94b776ee41a0c8cc373bd231cbca19.jpg" alt=""></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-286639" class="wp-caption-text"> A one-eighth scale model was made and tested for safety. How could they have built such a robust castle in an age without such devices?</figcaption></figure>
<div data-friday-nextpage-lead=" With an eye on the long term, it is necessary to train &quot;stone masons&quot;..."></div>
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Even five years after the disaster, some stonewalls are still undecided on how to restore them. This is the stone wall on which the Udo Yagura (turret) is mounted. This stone wall has a bulging part due to the earthquake.
 There is a way to collapse the entire wall and rebuild it, but once it is destroyed, its value as a cultural asset will decrease. Then, can&#8217;t we hold down the bulging part and prevent it from collapsing any further? For this purpose, a method called &#8220;Habaki Ishigaki,&#8221; in which another stone wall is built on the outside of the stone wall, has been used for a long time. 
 However, the stone wall of Udo Yagura is more than 20 meters long, and to hold it down, the stone wall to be built on the outside would also have to be large. Moreover, in order to stabilize it, it had to be made of concrete. This would make it heavy. 
 When we drilled a borehole to check the ground, we found that it was weaker than we had expected. If we built a large structure there, it would sink. If we build a havaki stone wall, there is a good chance that it will have a great impact on the existing stone wall. 
 Therefore, a committee made up of outside academic experts, including experts in cultural properties, civil engineering, and architecture, will conduct technical verification,&#8221; said Iwasa. 
 It is exhausting just to listen to them. If there are still more stonewalls that need this kind of examination, it will not be over in 20 years.
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 There is an empty moat under the Udo turret. When we conducted an excavation to examine the havaki stone wall, we found that the stone wall of the Udo turret was buried to about 5 meters below the moat. The stone wall itself was built on a foundation of solid ground 5m below, and it was found that the current shape of the moat was formed by sedimentary soil from the Edo period and subsequent fill. 
 This may have been one of the reasons why the 20-meter high stone wall did not collapse.&#8221; (Tateishi)
 It is amazing that so many stone walls were piled up by hand in those days, but it is also amazing that they were built with the ground in mind. I wonder if they also did structural calculations in the old days.
<figure id="attachment_286638" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-286638" style="width: 4320px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="#" data-ident_hash="6be78e20"><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/fridaydigital/image/private/t_article_image/wpmedia/2022/12/3-1_DSCN6587.jpg" alt=""></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-286638" class="wp-caption-text"> The stone wall of Udo Yagura, which has swelled. The entire stone wall looks wavy.</figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_286640" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-286640" style="width: 3872px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="#" data-ident_hash="55312da3"><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/fridaydigital/image/private/t_article_image/wpmedia/2022/12/3-2_DSC_0977.jpg" alt=""></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-286640" class="wp-caption-text"> Habaki stone walls were built on the outside to hold down the swollen areas. This technique has been used for a long time, and the havaki stonewalls shown in the photo can be seen in several places in Kumamoto Castle.</figcaption></figure>
<h3> Training of &#8220;stone masons&#8221; for the long term is also needed.</h3>
 Even so, 35 years is a long time. Can&#8217;t we bring in a lot of people and work on several places at the same time?
 The way each stone wall collapses is different. Once one is completed, the next may require a completely different approach. I think this difficulty will continue in the future,&#8221; said Iwasa.
 Even if the same restoration methods could be used, it would be impossible to proceed with several restoration projects at the same time, considering the structure of Kumamoto Castle.
 Kumamoto Castle is said to be a difficult castle to attack. It is said that Kumamoto Castle is a difficult castle to attack because there are very few routes into the castle. It is not a castle that can be entered from anywhere. It is not a castle that can be entered from anywhere. 
 Therefore, if construction is carried out in several places at the same time, it is impossible to enter the castle. The only way to get inside is to start from the back and work one by one. This also makes the restoration work difficult.
 The restoration work requires specialists in a variety of fields, including design, surveying, civil engineering, landscaping, masonry, and cultural assets, as well as structural and ground investigation. Kumamoto City is planning to work with businesses and educational institutions to create an environment that will foster the development of masons and other specialists in the local community.
 In order to nurture specialists involved in reconstruction, we think it is important to publicize the restoration process of Kumamoto Castle and the appeal of working there so that many people can learn about it. 
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 It may be a steady effort, but having people interested is the first step in developing human resources, and we would like to create an environment where skilled masons and other craftspeople can be nurtured in the region by starting with this kind of effort.
 2052&#8230;30 years from now&#8230;. By then, &#8220;I will have exceeded the average life expectancy, so I doubt if I will be able to see the completion of the project,&#8221; Mr. Iwasa said with a laugh.
 It&#8217;s inspiring to see them standing up to something that has collapsed so much. Without a doubt, we are moving toward our goal, and while there is pain, there is also enjoyment.&#8221; 
 Many people have expressed their hopes for the restoration work directly to City Hall, and once again we have been touched by the thoughts of the citizens and residents of Kumamoto Prefecture toward Kumamoto Castle. It is very empowering.&#8221; (Mr. Amida)

 Izumi Nakagawa

 Kumamoto Castle was severely damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. It was originally expected to be fully restored in 20 years, but in November, Kumamoto City announced that it would be delayed by 15 years to FY2052 (30 years from now). What is preventing the restoration from progressing as expected?

On days when only 3-4 stones can be piled up per day&#8230; &#8220;Kumamoto Castle Restoration Work&#8221;: Why is the complete restoration delayed for 15 years &#038; what is the current situation?

On days when only 3-4 stones can be piled up per day… “Kumamoto Castle Restoration Work”: Why is the complete restoration delayed for 15 years & what is the current situation?

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